Teresa Hirzle

Institute of Media Informatics, Ulm University
Institute for Visualisation and Interactive Systems, University of Stuttgart

+49 731 503 1324 Campus East, Building O27, 89069 Ulm, Germany Google Scholar

Biography

Teresa Hirzle was a PhD student at Ulm University, jointly supervised with Prof. Enrico Rukzio, from 2017 to 2022. Teresa studied Media Informatics at Ulm University and received her Bachelor's degree in 2015 and Master's degree in 2017, both with distinction. During her studies she spent a year at the Universidad de Granada in Spain. Her research interests include eye-based Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) and mobile eye tracking. Her research focuses on developing interactive systems for eye-based interaction on AR/VR head-mounted displays. More specifically, she is interested in investigating how AR and VR displays influence and change human visual perception and behavior.

Publications

(Hirzle et al., 2018; Hirzle et al., 2019; Hirzle et al., 2020; Hirzle et al., 2021; Strauch et al., 2021; Hirzle et al., 2022)

1. 

   Understanding, Addressing, and Analysing Digital Eye Strain in Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays

   Teresa Hirzle, Fabian Fischbach, Julian Karlbauer, Pascal Jansen, Jan Gugenheimer, Enrico Rukzio, Andreas Bulling

   ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 29 (4), pp. 1-80, 2022.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   Digital eye strain (DES), caused by prolonged exposure to digital screens, stresses the visual system and negatively affects users’ well-being and productivity. While DES is well-studied in computer displays, its impact on users of virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) is largely unexplored—despite that some of their key properties (e.g., the vergence-accommodation conflict) make VR-HMDs particularly prone. This work provides the first comprehensive investigation into DES in VR HMDs. We present results from a survey with 68 experienced users to understand DES symptoms in VR-HMDs. To help address DES, we investigate eye exercises resulting from survey answers and blue light filtering in three user studies (N = 71). Results demonstrate that eye exercises, but not blue light filtering, can effectively reduce DES. We conclude with an extensive analysis of the user studies and condense our findings in 10 key challenges that guide future work in this emerging research area.

   doi: 10.1145/3492802

   Paper: hirzle22_tochi.pdf

   @article{hirzle22_tochi, title = {Understanding, Addressing, and Analysing Digital Eye Strain in Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays}, author = {Hirzle, Teresa and Fischbach, Fabian and Karlbauer, Julian and Jansen, Pascal and Gugenheimer, Jan and Rukzio, Enrico and Bulling, Andreas}, year = {2022}, pages = {1-80}, doi = {10.1145/3492802}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)}, volume = {29}, number = {4} }

1. 

   Decoding binary decisions under differential target probabilities from pupil dilation: A random forest approach

   Christoph Strauch, Teresa Hirzle, Stefan Van Stigchel, Andreas Bulling

   Journal of Vision (JOV), 21 (7), pp. 1-13, 2021.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   While our pupils slightly dilate when we look at an intended target, they do not when we look at irrelevant distractors. This suggests that it may be possible to decode the intention of an observer, understood as the outcome of implicit covert binary decisions, from the pupillary dynamics over time. However, only few previous works have investigated the feasibility of this approach and the few who did, did not control for possible confounds such as motor-execution, changes in brightness, or target and distractor probability. We report on our efforts to decode intentions from pupil dilation obtained under strict experimental control on a single trial basis using a machine learning approach. The basis for our analyses are data of n = 69 participants who looked at letters that needed to be selected with stimulus probabilities that varied systematically in a blockwise manner (n = 19,417 trials). We confirm earlier findings that pupil dilation is indicative of intentions and show that these can be decoded with a classification performance of up to 76% ROCAUC if targets are rarer than distractors. To better understand which characteristics of the pupillary signal are most informative, we finally compare relative feature importances. The first derivative of pupil size changes was found to be most relevant, allowing us to decode intention within only about 800 ms of trial onset. Taken together, our results provide credible insights into the potential of decoding intentions from pupil dilation and may soon form the basis for new applications in visual search, gaze-based interaction, or human-robot interaction.

   doi: 10.1167/jov.21.7.6

   Paper: strauch21_jov.pdf

   @article{strauch21_jov, author = {Strauch, Christoph and Hirzle, Teresa and der Stigchel, Stefan Van and Bulling, Andreas}, title = {Decoding binary decisions under differential target probabilities from pupil dilation: A random forest approach}, journal = {Journal of Vision (JOV)}, year = {2021}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1167/jov.21.7.6} }

1. 

   A Critical Assessment of the Use of SSQ as a Measure of General Discomfort in VR Head-Mounted Displays

   Teresa Hirzle, Maurice Cordts, Enrico Rukzio, Jan Gugenheimer, Andreas Bulling

   Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp. 1–14, 2021.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   Based on a systematic literature review of more than 300 papers published over the last 10 years, we show that the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) is extensively used and widely accepted as general discomfort measure in virtual reality (VR) research - although it only accounts for one category of symptoms. This results in important other categories (digital eye strain (DES) and ergonomics) being largely neglected. To contribute to a more comprehensive picture of discomfort in VR head-mounted displays, we further conducted an online study (N=352) on the severity and relevance of all three symptom categories. Most importantly, our results reveal that symptoms of simulator sickness are significantly less severe and of lower prevalence than those of DES and ergonomics. In light of these findings, we critically discuss the current use of SSQ as the only discomfort measure and propose a more comprehensive factor model that also includes DES and ergonomics.

   doi: 10.1145/3411764.3445361

   Paper: hirzle21_chi.pdf

   @inproceedings{hirzle21_chi, title = {A Critical Assessment of the Use of {SSQ} as a Measure of General Discomfort in VR Head-Mounted Displays}, author = {Hirzle, Teresa and Cordts, Maurice and Rukzio, Enrico and Gugenheimer, Jan and Bulling, Andreas}, year = {2021}, pages = {1--14}, doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445361}, booktitle = {Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)} }

1. 

   A Survey of Digital Eye Strain in Gaze-Based Interactive Systems

   Teresa Hirzle, Maurice Cordts, Enrico Rukzio, Andreas Bulling

   Proc. ACM International Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA), pp. 1-12, 2020.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   Display-based interfaces pose high demands on users’ eyes that can cause severe vision and eye problems, also known as digital eye strain (DES). Although these problems can become even more severe if the eyes are actively used for interaction, prior work on gaze-based interfaces has largely neglected these risks. We offer the first comprehensive account of DES in gaze-based interactive systems that is specifically geared to gaze interaction designers. Through an extensive survey of more than 400 papers published over the last 46 years, we first discuss the current role of DES in interactive systems. One key finding is that DES is only rarely considered when evaluating novel gaze interfaces and neglected in discussions of usability. We identify the main causes and solutions to DES and derive recommendations for interaction designers on how to guide future research on evaluating and alleviating DES.

   doi: 10.1145/3379155.3391313

   Paper: hirzle20_etra.pdf

   @inproceedings{hirzle20_etra, title = {A Survey of Digital Eye Strain in Gaze-Based Interactive Systems}, author = {Hirzle, Teresa and Cordts, Maurice and Rukzio, Enrico and Bulling, Andreas}, year = {2020}, booktitle = {Proc. ACM International Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA)}, doi = {10.1145/3379155.3391313}, pages = {1-12} }

1. 

   A Design Space for Gaze Interaction on Head-mounted Displays

   Teresa Hirzle, Jan Gugenheimer, Florian Geiselhart, Andreas Bulling, Enrico Rukzio

   Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp. 1–12, 2019.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) has entered the mass market and, with it, will soon eye tracking as a core technology for next generation head-mounted displays (HMDs). In contrast to existing gaze interfaces, the 3D nature of AR and VR requires estimating a user’s gaze in 3D. While first applications, such as foveated rendering, hint at the compelling potential of combining HMDs and gaze, a systematic analysis is missing. To fill this gap, we present the first design space for gaze interaction on HMDs. Our design space covers human depth perception and technical requirements in two dimensions aiming to identify challenges and opportunities for interaction design. As such, our design space provides a comprehensive overview and serves as an important guideline for researchers and practitioners working on gaze interaction on HMDs. We further demonstrate how our design space is used in practice by presenting two interactive applications: EyeHealth and XRay-Vision.

   doi: 10.1145/3290605.3300855

   Paper: hirzle19_chi.pdf

   @inproceedings{hirzle19_chi, author = {Hirzle, Teresa and Gugenheimer, Jan and Geiselhart, Florian and Bulling, Andreas and Rukzio, Enrico}, title = {A Design Space for Gaze Interaction on Head-mounted Displays}, booktitle = {Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)}, year = {2019}, doi = {10.1145/3290605.3300855}, pages = {1--12} }

1. 

   Towards a Symbiotic Human-Machine Depth Sensor: Exploring 3D Gaze for Object Reconstruction

   Teresa Hirzle, Jan Gugenheimer, Florian Geiselhart, Andreas Bulling, Enrico Rukzio

   Adj. Proc. ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), pp. 114-116, 2018.

   Abstract Links BibTeX Project

   Eye tracking is expected to become an integral part of future augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) given that it can easily be integrated into existing hardware and provides a versatile interaction modality. To augment objects in the real world, AR HMDs require a three-dimensional understanding of the scene, which is currently solved using depth cameras. In this work we aim to explore how 3D gaze data can be used to enhance scene understanding for AR HMDs by envisioning a symbiotic human-machine depth camera, fusing depth data with 3D gaze information. We present a first proof of concept, exploring to what extend we are able to recognise what a user is looking at by plotting 3D gaze data. To measure 3D gaze, we implemented a vergence-based algorithm and built an eye tracking setup consisting of a Pupil Labs headset and an OptiTrack motion capture system, allowing us to measure 3D gaze inside a 50x50x50 cm volume. We show first 3D gaze plots of "gazed-at" objects and describe our vision of a symbiotic human-machine depth camera that combines a depth camera and human 3D gaze information.

   doi: 10.1145/3266037.3266119

   Paper: hirzle18_uist.pdf

   @inproceedings{hirzle18_uist, title = {Towards a Symbiotic Human-Machine Depth Sensor: Exploring 3D Gaze for Object Reconstruction}, author = {Hirzle, Teresa and Gugenheimer, Jan and Geiselhart, Florian and Bulling, Andreas and Rukzio, Enrico}, year = {2018}, pages = {114-116}, doi = {10.1145/3266037.3266119}, booktitle = {Adj. Proc. ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)} }